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Philip Kindred Dick (December 16, 1928March 2, 1982) was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and philosopher whose published works mainly belong to the genre of science fiction. Dick explored philosophical, sociological, political, and metaphysical themes in novels dominated by monopolistic corporations, authoritarian governments, and altered states of consciousness. In his later works, Dick's thematic focus strongly reflected his personal interest in metaphysics and theology. He often drew upon his life experiences in addressing the nature of drug abuse, paranoia, schizophrenia, and transcendental experiences in novels such as ''A Scanner Darkly'' and ''VALIS''. Later in life, he wrote non-fiction on philosophy, theology, the nature of reality, and science. This material was published posthumously as ''The Exegesis''. The novel ''The Man in the High Castle'' bridged the genres of alternate history and science fiction, earning Dick a Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1963.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 1963 Award Winners & Nominees )〕 ''Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said'', a novel about a celebrity who awakens one day to find that he is unknown, won the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for best novel in 1975.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 1975 Award Winners & Nominees )〕 "I want to write about people I love, and put them into a fictional world spun out of my own mind, not the world we actually have, because the world we actually have does not meet my standards," Dick wrote of these stories. "In my writing I even question the universe; I wonder out loud if it is real, and I wonder out loud if all of us are real." In addition to 44 published novels, Dick wrote approximately 121 short stories, most of which appeared in science fiction magazines during his lifetime. Although Dick spent most of his career as a writer in near-poverty,〔 〕 eleven popular films based on his works have been produced, including ''Blade Runner'', ''Total Recall'', ''A Scanner Darkly'', ''Minority Report'', ''Paycheck'', ''Next'', ''Screamers'', ''The Adjustment Bureau'' and ''Impostor''. In 2005, ''Time'' magazine named ''Ubik'' one of the hundred greatest English-language novels published since 1923. In 2007, Dick became the first science fiction writer to be included in The Library of America series.〔Stoffman, Judy ("A milestone in literary heritage" ) ''Toronto Star'' (February 10, 2007) 〕〔Library of America (Philip K. Dick: Four Novels of the 1960s )〕〔Library of America (H.P. Lovecraft: Tales )〕〔Associated Press ("Library of America to issue volume of Philip K. Dick" ) ''USA Today'' (November 28, 2006)〕 ==Personal life== Philip Kindred Dick and his twin sister, Jane Charlotte Dick, were born six weeks prematurely on December 16, 1928, in Chicago, Illinois, to Dorothy Kindred Dick and Joseph Edgar Dick, who worked for the United States Department of Agriculture.〔 〕 The death of Jane six weeks later, on January 26, 1929, profoundly affected Philip's life, leading to the recurrent motif of the "phantom twin" in his books.〔 His family later moved to the San Francisco Bay Area. When Philip was five, his father was transferred to Reno, Nevada; when Dorothy refused to move, she and Joseph divorced. Both parents fought for custody of Philip, which was awarded to the mother. Dorothy, determined to raise Philip alone, took a job in Washington, D.C., and moved there with her son. Philip was enrolled at John Eaton Elementary School (1936–38), completing the second through fourth grades. His lowest grade was a "C" in Written Composition, although a teacher remarked that he "shows interest and ability in story telling." He was educated in Quaker schools. In June 1938, Dorothy and Philip returned to California, and it was around this time that he became interested in science fiction.〔 Dick stated that he read his first science fiction magazine, ''Stirring Science Stories'' in 1940 at the age of twelve.〔Sutin p.3〕 Dick attended Berkeley High School in Berkeley, California. He and fellow science fiction author Ursula K. Le Guin were members of the same graduating class (1947) but did not know each other at the time. After graduation, he briefly attended the University of California, Berkeley, (September 1949 to November 11, 1949) with an honorable dismissal granted January 1, 1950. Dick did not declare a major and took classes in history, psychology, philosophy, and zoology. Through his studies in philosophy, he believed that existence is based on the internal-based perception of a human, which does not necessarily correspond to external reality; he described himself as "an acosmic panentheist," believing in the universe only as an extension of God.〔Dick, Philip K. "An Interview With America's Most Brilliant Science-Fiction Writer" Interview by Joe Vitale. Interview With Philip K Dick. Print Interviews. Web. 22 Oct. 2011.〕 After reading the works of Plato and pondering the possibilities of metaphysical realms, Dick came to the conclusion that, in a certain sense, the world is not entirely real and there is no way to confirm whether it is truly there. This question from his early studies persisted as a theme in many of his novels. Dick dropped out because of ongoing anxiety problems, according to his third wife Anne's memoir. She also says he disliked the mandatory ROTC training. At Berkeley, Dick befriended poet Robert Duncan and poet and linguist Jack Spicer, who gave Dick ideas for a Martian language. Dick claimed to have been host of a classical music program on KSMO Radio in 1947.〔Sutin, p. 53〕 From 1948 to 1952, Dick worked at Art Music Company, a record store on Telegraph Avenue. In 1955, he and his second wife, Kleo Apostolides, received a visit from the FBI, which they believed to be the result of Kleo's socialist views and left-wing activities. The couple briefly befriended one of the FBI agents.〔Sutin, pp. 83–84〕 Dick was married five times: * Jeanette Marlin (May to November 1948) * Kleo Apostolides (June 14, 1950 to 1959) * Anne Williams Rubinstein (April 1, 1959 to October 1965) * Nancy Hackett (July 6, 1966 to 1972) * Leslie (Tessa) Busby (April 18, 1973 to 1977) Dick had three children, Laura Archer (February 25, 1960), Isolde Freya (now Isa Dick Hackett) (March 15, 1967), and Christopher Kenneth (July 25, 1973). Dick tried to stay out of the political scene because of high societal turmoil from the Vietnam War; however, he did show some anti-Vietnam War and anti-governmental sentiments. In 1968, he joined the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest",〔〔"Writers and Editors War Tax Protest". ''New York Post''. January 30, 1968.〕 an anti-war pledge to pay no U.S. federal income tax, which resulted in the confiscation of his car by the IRS. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Philip K. Dick」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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